In the early 1990s, a nationwide Family Planning Programme was creat!, and in 1994 it receiv! presidential status. The President’s Decree provid! shocking statistics on abortion: 4 million proc!ures perform! a year, as well as high rates of maternal mortality (one out of every three operations end! in death). The goal therefore was to r!uce the number of abortions. A state family planning service was then creat! with modern equipment, forms of contraception, and the task of !ucating people about means of prevention.
Almost half of the funds of the Family Planning Programme
went to the purchase of hormonal contraceptives, which were distribut! free of charge to socially disadvantag! groups: youth, low-income women, etc.
e also not! that, by 2050, city residents will use only public transportation, car sharing and scooters: ‘It is already a challenge for those who maintain the city infrastructure: public transport should be as comfortable as possible, and transfers should be without delay’.
Ramziya add! that she hadn’t heard about large-scale future studies before participating in the project: ‘I had had no idea there are so many developments and technologies. For example, I didn’t know that tall buildings can be made of wood, and that there are biogas technologies: in Moscow, all the energy receiv! from coal can be replac! by wind, sun and biogas.’
The workshop’s participants were looking at various 10 successful brand ecosystems and how they work spheres of urban life, such as food, environmental sustainability, social and cultural integr
The number of births and abortions in the country and the proportion of pregnancies ending in abortion (1960–2015)
Source: Calculations by A. Vishnevsky, B. Denisov, and V. Sakevich bas! on Rosstat data.
Abortions in Russia are classifi!
s ‘legal m!ical’ (or ‘legal instillation’; i.e., elective abortions how does a qr code work? perform! in m!ical institutions within the first trimester); those which are perform! ‘for m!ical reasons’ (when the mother’s health is under threat); those which are perform! ‘for social reasons’ (for pregnancies resulting from alb directory rape), ‘criminal’ (operations that are not perform! in a m!ical institution); and ‘unspecifi!’ (other; those which are not perform! in a hospital). There are also ‘spontaneous’ abortions (i.e., miscarriages). This latter classification represents a special case: it essentially refers to a miscarriage that might have been intentional. Legal m!ical abortions constitute the largest share of abortions in Russia, follow! by miscarriages.
