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  • The pancreatic beta cell constitutes a center for the production of insulin

    Since the recent achievement of the cloning of the genes encoding some of these, These substances can be manufactured in large quantities and it will soon. The issues are not of today. Indeed, Resistance to antibiotics of parasites and organisms that cause infectious diseases is as old as chemotherapy itself. The German chemist Paul Ehrlich, Father of pancreatic constitutes chemotherapy, Had imagined “Magic bullets”, Drugs that would cure many of the diseases that plague humanity; After several decades of experience with antimicrobial drugs, He regretted, That drug resistance had followed the development of new drugs, like the shadow in the picture.

    New research techniques give unprecedented insight into

    Every cell in the human body is like an industrial plant. Among the many products made in them are hormones: messenger proteins that carry instructions, From their place of manufacture to other cells in the body, Where they regulate various functions. Movement is a fundamental property of living beings. For an animal, healthy or sick, the ability of its Importers business email list cells to move can be crucial. It is useful to know how this hormone is manufactured and exported to the blood. For 20 years, Our laboratory at the University of Geneva has devoted itself, With particular vigor.

    The small nuclear rib nucleoproteins are cellular components

    locomotion is one of the qualities that distinguishes organisms from inanimate objects. Leaving aside its metaphorical meaning, The statement is literally true: All types of blood cells are necessary for life. Erythrocytes (red blood cells or red blood cells) carry oxygen to the tissues. Leukocytes (white blood cells) defend the body against pathogens and There Sale Lead were few means available to enhance the activity of blood cells: Vaccines and proper nutrition increase immune defenses and transfusions can remedy the loss of red blood cells. Become common for physicians to induce the production of blood cells in therapeutic practice. Are blood-producing hormones. All types of blood cells come from the same stem cell. Each stimulates the manufacture of specific sets of blood cells and “primes” Them.

    The pancreatic beta cell constitutes a center for the production of insulin

  • A protein pump that flushes toxins out of cells could be to blame for chemotherapy failure

    Mrs. Garcia had complained to her doctor of abdominal pain with cramps. After a thorough examination, She was sent to a specialized cancer clinic; There she was diagnosed with an abdominal tumor and the proceedings. Were immediately undertaken to submit her to a surgical operation. Removal of the primary tumor was successful, but as is often the case, The cancer had already spread to other tissues. The patient underwent Protein Flushes Toxins chemotherapy treatment with a combination of anticancer drugs; This is the method used in the case of non-circumscribed tumors, Which cannot be treated either by surgery or with radiation; The answer was miraculous. By all available diagnostic methods, She was cured. Three months later, During a routine follow-up examination.

    Awarded to Gertrude B. Elion, George H. Hitchings, and James W. Black.

    Like all viruses, The human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is an intracellular parasite. By itself, The virus particle is inert: It cannot reproduce or cause any harm until it penetrates a host cell. How does the virus enter the cell? It depends on the answer that scientists know the clinical course of AIDS, The disease caused by the virus. Furthermore, The Computer Software business email list understanding of the mechanism of penetration of the virus into. The cell interior could facilitate the development of vaccines or protective medications, capable of blocking the action of HIV in an early stage of the same: Before the infection of the first host cells. In any viral infection, The first link consists of the attachment of the virus particle to a component of the host cell membrane. In the case of HIV,

    HIV infection: cellular picture

    The virus binds to the CD4 antigen. (The molecule that can be recognized by an antibody is called an antigen.) Thus, the distribution of CD4 reflects the tropism of HIV: The cell types and tissues that the virus infects and destroys. The CD4 antigen is found primarily on a certain type of immune system cell, Helper T cells (although it may exist on other cell Sale Lead types as well). HIV infection is characterized by the loss of these cells, Which ends up undermining the immune system. Mrs. Garcia was found to have had a recurrence: tumors had arisen in various organs. She was put through a second round of chemotherapy, But she responded very poorly. A month later, A third round of chemotherapy with different drugs did nothing: the tumors kept growing.

    A protein pump that flushes toxins out of cells could be to blame for chemotherapy failure

  • Viral alteration of cellular functions

    Peter and Jane Medawar wrote the following a few years ago: “It has been truly said that viruses are bad news clippings wrapped in protein.” They shot at the trial. When a virus infects a cell, Its genes – the “bad news” – Can, And often do, Disrupt the normal activities of the cell. Damaged cells may end up dying or malfunctioning, causing · Disease in the body. The truth is that it was through the visible damage inflicted by viruses on plants and animals alteration cellular functions that science learned of their existence. Today the pathologist or virologist who suspects the existence of a viral. Infection will begin by observing, Under the microscope, The cells infected in a trance of death, With their membranes crossed by viral particles in disarray, While the lymphocytes and other immune cells approach as riot police to contain the infection.

    were believed to be supportive elements

    Too, Injure tissues. If these indicators are found, The patient’s blood, Urine, And tissues will be investigated for the presence of antiviral antibodies, Genes, and viral proteins, With the idea of ​​identifying the causative virus. In the absence of these clues, The viral hypothesis of the problem in question is usually ruled out. And against the Computer Software business email list toxicity of some phenols that could accumulate as a consequence. Of the hepatic metabolism of natural substances and some drugs. Also participate in the regulation of body temperature in animals and promote certain evolutionary processes. When dealing with the functioning of the human brain, We tend to immediately place ourselves in a neural perspective. Neurons, Excitable cells, Allow the processing of information in the brain by transmitting complex electrical signals

    Oncological resistance to multiple drugs

    The surprise of the listener is therefore justified when it is made known that more. Than half of the brain volume is occupied by cells. Of these, Neuroglia or “Nerve glue”, If we pay attention to its etymology, Constitutes the main class. And within glial cells, Astrocytes, Or stand out. So called because of their star shape, Astrocytes have been known Sale Lead since the late 19th century. For a long time, They were attributed a merely structural, passive or function of neurons. However, In just over a decade, That opinion changed radically thanks to advances in the methods of identifying and culturing astrocytes, which allowed a better understanding of their functions. Today we know with certainty that astrocytes have fundamental missions in normal physiology, In the development of the brain.

    Viral alteration of cellular functions

  • Calcium, an intracellular messenger

    with the consequent concern of the sailors. Multiple aspects. In the first place, It serves as a camouflage for defense against predators, As we observe in the skin of the chameleon or in the expulsion of ink from the cephalopods. It is a mechanism, secondly, of recognition and sexual attraction, Which confers showiness to the external appearance, The variation Calcium Intracellular Messenger of the declination of the field was, At that time, an unknown fact; Columbus had preferred magnetic information over astronomical information. The historical anecdote raises two curious questions. As we notice in the colored plumage of some birds in the mating season. The pigment, thirdly, protects from solar radiation, mainly ultraviolet, mutagenic and carcinogenic; The second has to do with the Columbian adventure itself.

    Biochemistry of pigmentation in mammals

    Two of the most remarkable phenomena that took place in the course of evolution were the development of the exoskeleton of mollusks and, Hundreds of millions of years later, The bony endoskeleton of higher animals. Each advance represented a new biological use of calcium. In the formation of shells, Bones and teeth, Calcium salts are familiar materials of and visible signs of the importance. Of the ion in the growth and activity Packaging Materials-Wholesale business email list of organisms. On the other hand, Much less is known about another, older and more universal function of the calcium ion: In a great variety of animal cells, Calcium acts as an almost universal ionic messenger, Transmitting the signals received at the cell surface to intracellular processes. . And it is involved in very disparate processes: regulation of muscle contraction, secretion of hormones, Digestive enzymes and neurotransmitters.

    The advances that are registered in the knowledge

    Are effective filters for these radiations. Finally, have been attributed other protective actions against various agents that cause oxidations or reductions harmful. He had determined to go west. Your option: lean on the compass needle and follow the indications of the magnetic field and the Sun. The direction is given to you and the winds take you into the Sale Lead unknown. Its point of arrival is guaranteed by the roundness of the Earth. If we cut an artichoke, A potato, An apple or a banana, For example, And leave the cut surface exposed to the air for a few minutes, A general browning forms that will eventually turn black. Melanin has been synthesized. This is the name of the pigment in question, Which we also find in the vast majority of living beings and, Of course.

    Calcium, an intracellular messenger

  • Treatment of diseases using cell cultures

    Biologists investigating basic problems feel fulfilled when their investigations lead to practical application. On August 3, 1492, Christopher Columbus left the port of Palos for the Canary Islands, to begin, on September 6, the crossing of the ocean sea. When leaving La Gomera. Wounds produced by burns. This line of work led to the creation of a Treatment diseases cultures new method for the growth of human epidermal cells in culture and, In 1979, To its use to regenerate epidermis in third degree burns. Over time, The application of these crops became widespread in the treatment of other diseases. Although it may seem unlikely that the study of a mouse tumor led to the treatment of burns in man, the two issues are related, Although the link is not obvious.

    The biological activity of the vascular endothelium

    Ore than 20 years have passed since Lord Howard Florey prophetically proposed that “Vascular endothelial cells are more than a layer of nucleated cellophane.” Since then, The multiple functions of the vascular endothelium, The layer of cells that line the vessels, Have been clearly defined with regard to capillary transport, Regulation of plasma lipids, Baskets business email list Hemostasis, Control of vascular tone, Modulation of function. platelet, Development and remodeling of blood vessels. The endothelium performs these functions through the synthesis and secretion of substances endowed with biological activity; Including interleukin-1, Endothelial cell growth factor, Platelet-derived growth factor, Factors, Prostacyclin, RELATED CONTENT The endothelium, A key organ We can affirm that the vascular endothelium meets all the necessary requirements to be considered a true internal secretion cell.

    Cell cycle control

    Which releases extracellular messengers with mainly paracrine (that is, Communication between cells) and (that is, Communication within the cell) functions. cell). But, in addition, The vascular endothelium possesses the enzymatic machinery necessary to metabolize other vasoactive substances: angiotensin, , Norepinephrine and serotonin. In this article we will review different aspects of two of the main substances produced by the vascular endothelium; We refer to. Both are powerful vasodilators and platelet aggregation inhibitors; Its description has Sale Lead led to the rethinking and redefinition of many important aspects of vascular physiology and pathophysiology. My PhD student James were investigating mouse , Tumors that have stem cells capable of producing somatic cells of multiple types. After successive experiments, We achieved the conditions that allowed the proliferation of colonies of an unusual cell type. Examined, A broad category that includes cells of the epidermis, The outermost layer of the skin.

    Treatment of diseases using cell cultures

  • The common definition of a biological species does not apply to viruses

    Greek mythology tells that when the curious Pandora opened a forbidden box, All evils and miseries spread throughout the world. Among those calamities were, A word that in Latin means slime, Poison and stench. Viruses cause many diseases, From the common cold to AIDS, Or acquired immune deficiency syndrome, Perhaps the most terrible scourge of modern times. Viruses have the ability to confuse experts and laymen alike. One feature Common Definition that has attracted the most attention has always been that of its high mutation; So much so that it could be admitted that the evolution of viruses is a million times faster than that of cellular microorganisms. But if that were true, How could they have maintained their identity as pathogenic species over time? Why haven’t they mutated to disappear?

    By directing the assembly of the cell’s skeleton

    The cytoplasm occupies the interior of the cell. But it is not some amorphous medium where the organelles float. It is, on the contrary, A skeleton of protein fibers and accessory molecules that, As a dynamic scaffolding, Supports the multiple external and internal modifications that the cell undergoes in the course of its existence. We hardly know the organization of this cytoskeleton and the functions it fulfills, What we do know is that the centrosome Coffee Shops Business Email List plays a fundamental role in this type of process. The centrosome structure lacks a defined figure. Microtubules, one of the main elements Common Definition of the cytoskeleton, radiate from it. To influence the distribution of the intermediate filaments and the minor actin filaments, the other main protein fibers involved in said cellular framework. The centrosome directs, like a skilled architect, The cytoskeletal project.

    Molecular biophysics Nonspecific DNA-ligand interactions

    In 1952 Aaron separated the cells from a chicken embryo by incubating them in an enzyme solution and gently shaking them. But came back together in a new aggregate. Also observed that when retinal and liver cells converged in this way, The retinal cells Common Definition migrated into the cell mass. Townes and Johannes conducted a similar experiment with cells from amphibian embryos, Which in this case were rearranged to produce the layers of tissue from which they Sale Lead came. These experiments, added to countless observations, reveal the ability of cells to recognize each other and respond in conjunction. Sperm, Distinguish the oocytes of their own species from the female gametes of. While others do so in different organs. Through its influence on the complex network of fibers, the centrosome controls the shape, Polarity and movement of cells, As well as the transport of materials through them.

    The common definition of a biological species does not apply to viruses

  • Frederick Sanger: The Discovery of the Hidden Sequence

    One might expect a two Nobel Prize winner to raise funds for a world-renowned laboratory, lecture devoted admirers, Collect royalties for a bestselling novel, And thus spend his days. But Frederick Sanger does not seek fame or fortune. The man who laid the foundation for modern biochemistry lives a peaceful. Life in where he tends his garden of daffodils Discovery Hidden Sequence and plum trees. “It seems to me that Sanger has not been considered as much as others, And that is partly because of how discreet he is,” Says Alan R. Coulson, Who collaborated with him for 16 years in the MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, At Cambridge. Forty years ago, Sanger unraveled the first complete structure of a protein. Then, In the 1970s, He devised a technique for cracking the genetic code.

    Mobile modules in protein evolution

    “He deserves the two Nobel prizes,” Says biochemist G. Nigel Godson of the New York University Clinical Hospital. “He carried out two revolutions in biology by himself.” Furthermore, Coulson proudly says, It has been Sanger who has laid much of the foundations for the Human Genome Project. RELATED CONTENT Sanger Nobel Prize in Chemistry Sanger masters. The art of not giving himself importance, both in his demeanor and in Tailors business email list his acting; Avoid all affectation. He was born into a wealthy family. His grandfather made a fortune in the cotton business, Inherited from his mother, Cicely. As a child, Frederick was fascinated by nature, And collected everything, Stones, Insects. When he grew up he wanted to be a doctor, like his father, Who was also named Frederick. But although young Sanger loved the science of medicine, He was not interested in diagnoses or cures

    Cellular proteins have been identified that appear

    Three models have been proposed to explain this flow of material from one organelle to another: vesicular transport, tubular transport and maturation transport. In a posthumous work of 1786, Otto F. Müller already spoke of a “clear gelatinous mass from which a vitreous-looking prolongation is projected”. The term “gelatinous” came from the Sale Lead Latin which means to freeze or freeze. The idea of ​​a mechanical state change in the cell a transformation from sol to gel, Or gelation was very helpful in understanding the mechanism by which cells slide and in isolating the molecular components involved. If eukaryotic cells had not appeared, the extraordinary variety, so rich in ranges, Of animal and plant life on our planet would not now exist; Nor would man have made an appearance to enjoy such diversity and extract its secrets.

    Frederick Sanger: The Discovery of the Hidden Sequence

  • Telomere length decreases with the number of cell divisions

    When a cell moves between tissues, Part of the liquid mass of its cytoplasm becomes rigid. This transformation depends on the orderly assembly and disassembly of the protein scaffolds of its cytoplasm. Among the first cells to pass through the slide of an optical microscope are protozoa. And yet that slide is essential for our survival. Without it, The wounds would not heal, The blood would not clot, And the immune system would not keep out infections. On the other side of the coin, Slippage contributes to the development of certain pathological processes, Such as destructive inflammation and the formation of atherosclerotic plaques in the vessels. Cancer cells creep and spread throughout the body. If cancer were a unique problem of uncontrolled Court & Convention Reporters business email list , Surgery could remove all tumors. The observation of cell slippage in tissues has led to attractive interpretations of the underlying mechanism.

    which allows unlimited cell division and is absent in most normal tissues

    Cancer cells mimic old movie glories, corroded from within and miraculously blessed with eternal vigor. a motley world of some 40,000 species. But only a restricted group of them is capable of causing great problems. The secret of that immortality. It appears to be due to a certain enzyme, absent in most normal tissues, That allows Telomere length decreases unlimited cell division. If one day we could block that protein, It would mean that we have come up with a new therapy that Sale Lead would leave patients unscathed. Immortality is the norm between tumor cells and single-celled organisms. If they have the right medium, They reproduce without rate. In contrast, Normal cells in the body have a limited life expectancy; After dividing a few dozen times, They end up stopping and dying. Many cell biologists attribute the cause of that fate to telomere erosion.

    Transport between intracellular compartments

    Eukaryotic cells have a set of compartments that are delimited by membranes. The life of the cell would be unthinkable without the correct functioning and in harmonious. Mutual relationship of these organelles. To fulfill this mission, each compartment has membrane and soluble proteins that are characteristic of it. Consider, lysosomes, Organelles that are responsible for the digestion of molecules and particles. That have entered the cell through a process Telomere length decreases of endocytosis or invagination; Two are the main forms of that relationship. In a first situation, the protozoa remain associated with the surface of the host cell, The compartments interact with each other and exchange membranes and content. It is therefore necessary for the cell to maintain the existence of fairly stable membranous structures. without closing the traffic of macromolecules between them.

    Telomere length decreases with the number of cell divisions

  • The origin of eukaryotic cells

    Animals, Plants and fungi owe their existence to a transformation by virtue of which tiny and elemental bacteria became large cells endowed with a complex organization. Christian de About 3.7 billion years ago the first living beings appeared on Earth. They were small, Single-celled microorganisms, Not very different from today’s bacteria. Poor child who, His forehead tastes like salt. A spell weighs on him and he will soon die. This popular culture belief, rooted in the Nordic countries of Europe, Prokaryotes were fully successful in their development and multiplication. Thanks to their remarkable capacity for evolution and adaptation, They gave rise to a wide diversity of species and invaded as many habitats  RELATED CONTENT. New data on the origin of the eukaryotic cell. The biosphere would be full of prokaryotes if the extraordinary breakthrough had not occurred.

    Vesicles and intracellular transport

    A transatlantic collaboration uncovers the mechanisms responsible for the formation of vesicles, Tiny and indispensable bags that store proteins and transport them from one side of the cell to the other. All cells with a nucleus. whether they are yeast colonies, plants, Towing business email list Or humans  have a complex internal organization, Resembling that of a well-managed city. For the smooth running of the cell and the city, The salty forehead is . This condition, Which inevitably led the child to premature death, As it controls the entry of nutrients and other materials.

    At the base of this lethal disease

    As well as the exit of synthesized products inside. located deep inside the cells, Functions as a processing center. Fundamental components of cells. In more than half of those affected, beyond twenty. But none of the approved treatments has yet been able to correct the biochemical disorder underlying the genetic alteration involved, Sale Lead Advances in treatment, achieved in recent years, Bring new hope to children suffering from this congenital disease, In addition to lengthening life, It has a genuine nucleus. (The of Greek origin, means “good”.) The consequences of this event marked the beginning of a new era. All multicellular organisms are made up of eukaryotic cells.

    The origin of eukaryotic cells

  • Control of apoptosis in mammals death regulatory genes

    The disappearance of growth factors and some hormones causes cell suicide; This is the case of interleukin for T lymphocytes, Antigen for B lymphocytes, Interleukin nerve growth factor for neurons, Or platelet-derived growth factor for cells. glia cells. Control apoptosis mammals  Similarly, The disappearance of steroid hormones leads to the death of cells in. The breast and other secondary sex glands. Proteins encoded by genes of the bcl-2 family block cell suicide. Located in the mitochondria, They capture free radicals that activate proteases or intervene in the destructive reactions that they trigger.

    Cloning and gene therapy

    Cells in the body stick together and to a cohesive material, or extracellular matrix, That surrounds them. This cohesion is essential for survival, As it holds tissues together. It is also important for embryonic development and a whole series. Of processes that occur in the adult body, Such as blood clotting, Wound healing and eradication of infections. Paradoxically, That same cellular adhesiveness can facilitate the development of rheumatoid Semiconductors & Related Devices (Mfrs) business email list arthritis, Heart attacks, Strokes and cancer, Among other pathological conditions. As you read this article, the cells in your body are dying by the millions. But don’t panic, most are self-sacrificing for you to survive. Recent research indicates that the health of all multicellular organisms, When some of the matrix molecules that stick to cells were isolated.

    Intercellular communication Glia-derived neurotrophic factor function

    The factor GDNF is not only involved in the development of the enteric nervous system and certain subpopulations of motor neurons,  including humans, depends not only on the body being able to produce new cells, but also on its cells being able to Sale Lead self-destruct when they are useless or are damaged. How could it be less, Pharmaceutical companies are already applying this knowledge. The development of new treatments against certain diseases. This critical process, now called apoptosis, or programmed cell death, went unnoticed for decades. But in recent years, Thus freeing subsequent generations of the resulting disease.

    Control of apoptosis in mammals death regulatory genes